Land appointment:
Land is formed as a result of erosion or erosion of rocks in Kudar. Rock erosion is the action of disintegration and disintegration on rocks and minerals. Disintegration is a physical process, while the action of disintegration is chemical. Rock erosion is caused by many biological and inorganic factors. Physical wear and tear is caused by heat - cold, freezing water, flowing water from ocean waves, glaciers and winds. Chemical degradation is caused by various actions like solution hydrolysis, hydrolysis, carburization, anabolism, catabolism. For the process of land formation and development
(1) Climate
(2) Organisms (plants and animals)
(2) Mother - rock
(2) Surface factors and
(2) Time etc. factors are responsible.
Among these factors, climate and organisms are known as 'active factors' because of their direct effect or action on soil formation. While maternal rock, topography factors and time do not directly affect or play an active part in the soil formation process, they are known as passive factors. Soil formation is due to the geographical process of the active factors and this process is called erosion or weathering.
Effects on the local soil environment:
The shape, height, slope, position and openness of the soil surface affect the local environmental factors and therefore the environment of the area.
The shape of the soil collects by blocking the rain winds and hence more rainfall falls in such an area. The humidity is high in mountainous areas and the temperature difference is small. Thus, there is a big difference between the climate of a mountainous area with a uniform average temperature and the climate of a plain area.
The height of the place affects the sun - radiation, temperature and rainfall so it has a very big effect on the vegetation.
The slope of the land affects the flow of excess rainwater and the drainage capacity of the land. As such, it affects the soil moisture area. As a general rule, the higher the slope, the faster the flow and the higher the displacement. As such, the permeability of the mountain slopes and the middle slopes of the foothills is good; While the land of the plains is very flat, its disposability is very low.
Slope affects soil erosion and soil depth. In general, the higher the slope, the higher the erosion because the higher the slope, the higher the erosion rate. Even if there is no erosion of the soil in the hilly region, the soil often falls under its own weight and accumulates in the low sloping plains of the foothills. As the depth of the soil decreases as we go up the slope of the mountain, while the depth of the soil in the foothills and valleys is higher, the soil of the mountain slopes is constantly accumulated in the valleys and plains due to rain water. Is. In mountainous areas of Gujarat, soil erosion washes away the nutrient-rich soil at the top and accumulates at the bottom. It therefore has an adverse effect on forest areas at the top of mountainous areas. So day by day the tops of the mountainous areas are becoming body.
Relation of land and water:
The main source of water on earth is rain and snow. Some of the rainwater that falls on the ground melts through soil particles and holes and seeps into the ground. This water accumulates in the cracks of deep rocks or rocks above the rocks. The inflow of rain water into the soil depends on the intensity of rainfall, the nature of the soil, the amount of silt in the soil and the amount of vegetation on the soil. If the intensity of rainfall is very high then most of the rain water is wasted by flowing over the soil and at the same time it also erodes the soil on a large scale. If there is a layer of compost on the surface of the soil and the soil is porous and dry, then most of the rain water absorbs the soil. The vegetation on the ground prevents rainwater from falling directly on the soil at high speeds and therefore the pores of the soil do not close and as a result rainwater seeps into the soil and everything is not wasted.
Factors of soil fertility:
(1) Soil organic matter:
(A) Vegetable waste:
Trees and other vegetation return most of the nutrients obtained from the soil to the soil in the form of leaves, twigs, bark, fruits, flowers, etc. All this waste is known as ‘vegetable waste’. Vegetable waste is in the uppermost layer of the soil surface, consisting of fresh fallen debris and some decomposed debris, and often contains bark fragments, twigs, etc., along with leaves. Along with the vegetative waste on the ground, there are also roots, other dried plants and dead animal remains that help in its decomposition. All this waste together is known as ‘organic matter’. Organic matter includes the remains of plants and animals at different stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of micro-organisms in the soil, micro-organisms and the substances synthesized by them. Organic matter is usually called organic matter which is sifted through the soil through a 5 mm sieve.
(B) Loam:
Soil consists of rotten leaves, twigs, bark, etc., and all decomposed or not decomposed organic matter, but the dark asphalt (shapeless) part of most organic matter is referred to as 'compost'. The constitutional unit of compost has no special structure and it is very difficult to identify this unit. Thus, compost is the most completely decomposed part of the organic matter of the soil that forms a distinct layer and is completely mixed with the soil.
Soil improves the physical properties of the soil as it merges with the soil and forms a layer on the soil. Soil improves topography by mixing with clay. Increases water storage capacity and groundwater infiltration rate. Soil improves sandy soil adhesion thus improving soil texture. This increases the moisture capacity of the soil. Soil increases soil circulation and water drainage in clayey soils. The compost mixes with the soil, otherwise it is spread as a layer on the surface of the soil and provides a shield against the harmful effects of sun rays, rain and wind and water erosion of the soil.
Soil is a major source of nutrients for plants. When the soil mixes with the soil, the minerals in the organic matter return to the soil. Vegetable ammonia and nitrite contain nitrogenous organic compounds. It is converted to ammonia and nitrite and at the end of this process it is converted to plant-derived nitrates. Soil is in the form of calcareous and hence the addition of it to the soil increases the ‘cation exchange capacity’ of the soil.
(Ii) Minerals in the soil:
So far many minerals have been identified from the Earth's crust but very few minerals play a role in most soil formation. Many of the remaining minerals are then important as a source of plant nutrients. Minerals in rocks. Are present in the form of crystals. Minerals have specific chemical properties. There are mainly two types of minerals found in the soil. One major - primary and the other secondary minerals. Among the important primary minerals in the soil are felspar, mica, hornblend, allivine, phosphrite, aperite, magnetite, quartz, calcide dolomite etc. Secondary minerals include clay minerals and aqueous hydroxide minerals. Callinite, montmorillaneite and elite are important clay minerals of the secondary section.
Land Erosion:
The process of natural soil formation is very slow and the erosion process is very fast compared to it. According to an estimate, it takes 200 to 300 years for a 1 cm layer of soil to be formed under the influence of natural factors under normal conditions. One centimeter of such a hectare of land weighs about 150 metric tons. On the other hand, on a land with a slope of only 1.5 per cent, if 20 cm. At least 3 metric tons of soil is washed away every year when it rains (12.5 inches). In this way, a layer of 1 cm prepared in 200 years is washed in only 15 years! Erosion in this way has a detrimental effect on agriculture and greatly reduces crop yields.
Soil erosion is the process by which soil particles are released from air or water and carried from one place to another. Most of the land surveys have shown that the quality of the land is declining due to various human activities.
Types of Erosion:
Land erosion is mainly caused by rain water, wind and sea waves. In addition to this, factors like improper use of land, destruction of vegetation, faulty planting method, uncontrolled grazing of animals, wrong method of irrigation, industrialization, excessive consumption, etc. are also responsible for soil erosion.
(1) Rainwater erosion:
When it rains heavily in the monsoon, we always see water flowing in rivers, ditches, ditches, etc. This water is turbid only because it contains very valuable fertile soil particles and nutrients. Do we think that the soil will be washed away by such particles? But if it is calculated correctly, millions of tons of valuable clay are washed away in this way. There are three types of erosion that occur in this way.
. (A) Sheet erosion:
This type of erosion usually occurs in slow sloping and unpaved soils on one side. In it the top layer of soil is washed evenly. This type of erosion is not noticeable at the beginning so it causes a lot of damage. In addition, the topsoil is rich in nutrients along with soil particles. Such sheet erosion is called ‘TB of the soil’. 'Because it slowly erodes the texture of the soil in a way that is not noticeable, reducing productivity and making it useless.
(B) Incisional erosion:
When the slope of the land is high, the amount of rainfall is high and the land is exposed, the water accumulated on the surface of the land flows fast and there is a nick-like shape. If more water is found there and it continues to flow, then such a ditch goes deeper. Such small incisions make cuts on the ground; As a result, both the upper and lower layers of soil are washed away. The land then becomes pitted, not cultivable.
(C) Gorge erosion:
This type of erosion occurs in soils with different directions and slopes. Where two slopes meet, water flows together. This water washes away the topsoil as well as the topsoil. This erosion appears immediately. The Mahi and Sabarmati river ravines in Gujarat are this type of erosion.
(1) Wind erosion:
Winds that come in the form of strong winds and whirlwinds raise the soil in the upper layer of the soil and drag it with them to other places. Such erosion causes great damage to the vegetation of the region. Soil or sand eroded by the wind damages the vegetation, roads, canals, etc. of the place where it falls. Desert and coastal sands are scattered over the fertile land near it by wind and turn it into barren land.
(2) Erosion by ocean waves:
Huge waves crashing against the fertile land along the coast erode that land. The same thing happens on the shores of huge lakes. This type of erosion is especially common if the soil on such banks is open and sandy without vegetation.
Such various erosions depend on soil type, soil slope, subsoil, tillage, rainfall, speed of rainfall, climate, vegetation cover, crop quality, outdoor water intake, etc.
Land erosion reduces its fertility, affecting the economic condition of the area in four ways,
(1) Continuous increase in infertile land area due to continuous erosion of fertile soil at the upper level
(2) The river-ditch is closed (check-up) for flowing with the flow of water so a flood situation is created.
(3) Excessive soil erosion reduces the irrigation capacity of the dams constructed for irrigation due to excessive deposition of soil filling.
(4) Excessive erosion causes rainwater to flow into the ocean instead of being drained into the ground, thus lowering the groundwater table and creating a drought-like situation.
Thus, the above four types of erosion have a huge impact on the economic condition of the area.
Apart from this soil erosion has resulted in decrease in soil moisture capacity, decrease in topsoil, depletion of soil nutrients, reduction in soil productivity, depletion of soil by deposition in irrigation canals, arable land, water storage areas, ponds etc. This has an impact on water quality and also on businesses like fisheries and such an unbalanced situation - a long term ‘side effect’ on sustainable crop production in the system. ‘Sustainable crop production’ is the standard of quantity and quality of good crops taken in one place, whether the future goes beyond it or not, a situation that does not go down.
Topland erosion also affects crop yields, which is equivalent to a complete depletion of about one percent of the land each year. Many farmers either use more chemical fertilizers or cultivate new land to make up for the shortfall. An estimated 60 billion tons of farmland is eroded worldwide each year! And it also erodes almost twice as much grassland, forests and human habitation. ! Soil erosion also reduces soil nutrients, water storage and digestibility. It therefore has an effect on the amount of groundwater; And its impact on the quantity and quality of irrigation water based on it. Thus soil erosion and fertility have a direct and indirect effect on the quality of human life and the environment as a whole.
Excessive rainfall recharges or replenishes drinking and irrigated water sources in the area so that next season's crops can be grown well with irrigated water but soil erosion in the unit area also erodes nutrients which adversely affects crop production and Land-borne diseases often occur when rainwater stays in the same area for long periods of time. And due to which plants cannot extract nutrients from the soil well.
Soil erosion When the top layer of soil is washed away, the organic matter and essential nutrients in the upper layer also flow away. This type of erosion is particularly prone to nitrogen, sulfur and chloride erosion. Other nutrients are also deficient but in small amounts. Nitrogen deficiency can be detected by signs of deficiency or by face-to-face visit. Nitrogen deficiency causes the lower leaves of the plant to turn yellow first and then often the legume crops also fail to accumulate nitrogen in the air through the root nodules and nitrogen deficiency occurs in such crops.
Whole from sulfur deficiency. It turns yellow but the intensity is higher in the upper leaves. Plant yellowing is seen in many ways such as plant disease, deficiency of other elements due to excessive moisture in the soil etc. In such circumstances it becomes difficult to take care of the soil and plants. More information can be obtained by taking a soil sample and analyzing it in a laboratory to find out the amount of nutrients in the soil.
To solve this problem of soil erosion, leveling the soil, planting horizontally from the slope, plowing horizontally from the slope, plowing the land before the rains, deep plowing, increasing the use of organic manure, increasing water drainage in the soil, embankment along the contour line, strip crop To do. Land erosion can be reduced by cultivating steps, making proper use of land, protecting grasslands.
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